1. National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC). Wildland fire statistics, National Interagency Fire Center. NIFC website. Accessed June 25, 2021. https://www.nifc.gov/fireInfo/fireInfo_statistics.html
2. Johnston FH, Henderson SB, Chen Y, et al. Estimated global mortality attributable to smoke from landscape fires. Environ Health Perspect. 2012;120(5):695-701. doi: https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104422
3. Reid CE, Brauer M, Johnston FH, Jerrett M, Balmes JR, Elliott CT. Critical review of health impacts of wildfire smoke exposure. Environ Health Perspect. 2016;124(9):1334-1343. doi: https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409277
4. Stowell JD, Geng G, Saikawa E, et al. Associations of wildfire smoke PM2.5 exposure with cardiorespiratory events in Colorado 2011-2014. Environ Int. 2019;133(part A):105151. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105151
5. Hasheminassab S, Daher N, Saffari A, Wang D, Ostro B, Sioutas C. Spatial and temporal variability of sources of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5 in California. Atmos Chem Phys. 2014;14(22):12085-12097. doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-12085-2014
6. Liu JC, Wilson A, Mickley LJ, et al. Who among the elderly is most vulnerable to exposure to and health risks of fine particulate matter from wildfire smoke? Am J Epidemiol. 2017;186(6):730-735. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwx141
7. Leibel S, Nguyen M, Brick W, et al. Increase in pediatric respiratory visits associated with Santa Ana wind-driven wildfire smoke and PM2.5 levels in San Diego County. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2020;17(3):313-320. doi: https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201902-150OC
8. Adetona O, Reinhardt TE, Domitrovich J, et al. Review of the health effects of wildland fire smoke on wildland firefighters and the public. Inhal Toxicol. 2016;28(3):95-139. doi: https://doi.org/10.3109/08958378.2016.1145771
9. Wu W, Jin Y, Carlsten C. Inflammatory health effects of indoor and outdoor particulate matter. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;141(3):833-844. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.12.981
10. Kim YH, Warren SH, Krantz QT, et al. Mutagenicity and lung toxicity of smoldering vs. flaming emissions from various biomass fuels: implications for health effects from wildland fires. Environ Health Perspect. 2018;126(1):017011. doi: https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2200
11. Verma V, Polidori A, Schauer JJ, Shafer MM, Cassee FR, Sioutas C. Physicochemical and toxicological profiles of particulate matter in Los Angeles during the October 2007 southern California wildfires. Environ Sci Technol. 2009;43(3):954-960. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/es8021667
12. Xing Y-F, Xu Y-H, Shi M-H, Lian Y-X. The impact of PM2.5 on the human respiratory system. J Thorac Dis. 2016;8(1):E69. doi: https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2016.01.19
13. Pope III CA, Dockery DW. Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: lines that connect. J Air Waste Manage Assoc. 2006;56(6):709-742. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2006.10464485
14. Zanobetti A, Franklin M, Koutrakis P, Schwartz J. Fine particulate air pollution and its components in association with cause-specific emergency admissions. J Environ Health. 2009;8(1):1-12. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-8-58
15. Martinelli N, Girelli D, Cigolini D, et al. Access rate to the emergency department for venous thromboembolism in relationship with coarse and fine particulate matter air pollution. PloS One. 2012;7(4):e34831. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034831
16. Huynh M, Woodruff TJ, Parker JD, Schoendorf KC. Relationships between air pollution and preterm birth in California. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2006;20(6):454-461. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3016.2006.00759.x
17. Henderson SB, Brauer M, MacNab YC, Kennedy SM. Three measures of forest fire smoke exposure and their associations with respiratory and cardiovascular health outcomes in a population-based cohort. Environ Health Perspect. 2011;119(9):1266-1271. doi: https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002288
18. Liu JC, Wilson A, Mickley LJ, et al. Wildfire-specific fine particulate matter and risk of hospital admissions in urban and rural counties. Epidemiology. 2017;28(1):77. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0000000000000556
19. Wong LN, Aung H, Lamé M, Wegesser T, Wilson DW. Fine particulate matter from urban ambient and wildfire sources from California's San Joaquin Valley initiate differential inflammatory, oxidative stress, and xenobiotic responses in human bronchial epithelial cells. In Vitro Toxicol. 2011;25(8):1895-1905. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2011.06.001
20. Wegesser TC, Pinkerton KE, Last JA. California wildfires of 2008: coarse and fine particulate matter toxicity. Environ Health Perspect. 2009;117(6):893-897. doi: https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0800166
21. Wegesser TC, Last JA. Lung response to coarse PM: bioassay in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2008;230(2):159-166. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2008.02.013
22. Franzi LM, Bratt JM, Williams KM, Last JA. Why is particulate matter produced by wildfires toxic to lung macrophages? Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2011;257(2):182-188. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2011.09.003
23. McClure CD, Jaffe DA. US particulate matter air quality improves except in wildfire-prone areas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018;115(31):7901-7906. doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1804353115
24. Catry FX, Rego FC, Bação FL, Moreira F. Modeling and mapping wildfire ignition risk in Portugal. Int J Wildland Fire. 2009;18(8):921-931. doi: https://doi.org/10.1071/WF07123
25. González‐Olabarria JR, Mola‐Yudego B, Coll L. Different factors for different causes: analysis of the spatial aggregations of fire ignitions in Catalonia (Spain). Risk Anal. 2015;35(7):1197-1209. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12339
26. Blunden J, Arndt D. State of the climate in 2019. Bull Am Meteorol Soc. 2020;101(8):S1-S429. doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/2020BAMSStateoftheClimate.1
27. Greene T, Jacobs P. 2020 tied for warmest year on record, NASA analysis shows. NASA website. Published January 14, 2021. Updated March 17, 2021. Accessed June 25, 2021. https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/2020-tied-for-warmest-year-on-record-nasa-analysis-shows
28. Moritz MA, Batllori E, Bradstock RA, et al. Learning to coexist with wildfire. Nature. 2014;515(7525):58-66. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13946
29. Warszawski L, Frieler K, Huber V, Piontek F, Serdeczny O, Schewe J. Input data set: historical, gridded population. The inter-sectoral impact model intercomparison project (ISIMIP) website. Published 2020. Accessed June 20, 2021. https://www.isimip.org/gettingstarted/input-data-bias-correction/details/31/
30. Watts N, Amann M, Arnell N, et al. The 2020 report of The Lancet countdown on health and climate change: responding to converging crises. Lancet. 2020;397(10269):129-170. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32290-x
31. Black C, Tesfaigzi Y, Bassein JA, Miller LA. Wildfire smoke exposure and human health: significant gaps in research for a growing public health issue. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2017;55:186-195. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2017.08.022
32. Hutchinson JA, Vargo J, Milet M, et al. The San Diego 2007 wildfires and Medi-Cal emergency department presentations, inpatient hospitalizations, and outpatient visits: an observational study of smoke exposure periods and a bidirectional case-crossover analysis. PLoS Med. 2018;15(7):e1002601. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002601
33. Wegesser TC, Franzi LM, Mitloehner FM, Eiguren-Fernandez A, Last JA. Lung antioxidant and cytokine responses to coarse and fine particulate matter from the great California wildfires of 2008. Inhal Toxicol. 2010;22(7):561-570. doi: https://doi.org/10.3109/08958370903571849
34. Morgan G, Sheppeard V, Khalaj B, et al. Effects of bushfire smoke on daily mortality and hospital admissions in Sydney, Australia. Epidemiology. 2010;21(1):47-55. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181c15d5a
35. Haikerwal A, Akram M, Del Monaco A, et al. Impact of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure during wildfires on cardiovascular health outcomes. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015;4(7):e001653. doi: https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.114.001653
36. Analitis A, Georgiadis I, Katsouyanni K. Forest fires are associated with elevated mortality in a dense urban setting. Occup Environ. Med. 2012;69(3):158-162. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2010.064238