Madeline A. Morris, MPH1 Sean R. Jacobson, MS1 Gregory L. Kinney, PhD, MPH2 Donald P. Tashkin, MD3 Prescott G. Woodruff, MD, MPH4 Eric A. Hoffman, PhD5 Richard E. Kanner, MD, MPH6,7 Christopher B. Cooper, MD3 M. Brad Drummond, MD, MHS8 R. Graham Barr, MD, DrPH, MPH9 Elizabeth C. Oelsner, MD9 Barry J. Make, MD1 MeiLan K. Han, MD, MS10 Nadia N. Hansel, MD, MPH11 Wanda K. O’Neal, PhD8 Russell P. Bowler, MD, PhD1
Author Affiliations
- National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco
- Departments of Radiology, Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City
- University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City
- Department of Biostatics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Columbia University, Division of General Medicine, New York, New York
- University Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
Address correspondence to:
Russell Bowler & Madeline A. Morris
Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine
National Jewish Health
Denver, Colorado
Telephone: (303)270-2014
Emails: bowler@njhealth.org mamorris8@gmail.com
Abstract
Background: Marijuana is often smoked via a filterless cigarette and contains similar chemical makeup as smoked tobacco. There are few publications describing usage patterns and respiratory risks in older adults or in those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Methods: A cross-sectional analysis of current and former tobacco smokers from the Subpopulations and Intermediate Outcome Measures in COPD Study (SPIROMICS) study assessed associations between marijuana use and pulmonary outcomes. Marijuana use was defined as never, former (use over 30 days ago), or current (use within 30 days). Respiratory health was assessed using quantitative high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scans, pulmonary function tests and questionnaire responses about respiratory symptoms.
Results: Of the total2304 participants, 1130 (49%) never, 982 (43%) former, and 192 (8%) current marijuana users were included. Neither current nor former marijuana use was associated with increased odds of wheeze (odds ratio [OR] 0.87, OR 0.97), cough (OR 1.22; OR 0.93) or chronic bronchitis (OR 0.87; OR 1.00) when compared to never users. Current and former marijuana users had lower quantitative emphysema (P=0.004, P=0.03), higher percent predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1%) (P<0.001, P<0.001), and percent predicted forced vital capacity (FVC%) (p<0.001, P<0.001). Current marijuana users exhibited higher total tissue volume (P=0.003) while former users had higher air trapping (P<0.001) when compared to never marijuana users.
Conclusions: Marijuana use was found to have little to no association with poor pulmonary health in older current and former tobacco smokers after adjusting for covariates. Higher forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) was observed among current marijuana users. However, higher joint years was associated with more chronic bronchitis symptoms (e.g., wheeze), and this study cannot determine if long-term heavy marijuana smoking in the absence of tobacco smoking is associated with lung symptoms, airflow obstruction, or emphysema, particularly in those who have never smoked tobacco cigarettes.
Citation
Citation: Morris MA, Jacobson SR, Kinney GL, et al. Marijuana use associations with pulmonary symptoms and function in tobacco smokers enrolled in the Subpopulations and Intermediate Outcome Measures in COPD Study (SPIROMICS). J COPD F. 2018; 5(1): 46-56. doi: http://doi.org/10.15326/jcopdf.5.1.2017.0141
Keywords
emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Lung, smoking, marijuana, tobacco, epidemiology, pulmonary, cross-sectional, respiratory, forced expiratory volume, forced vital capacity, computed tomography scan